Bangladesh–India relations are an inescapable reality of South Asian geopolitics. Geographic proximity, historical bonds, economic interdependence, and security interests make the relationship both promising and sensitive. In recent years, alongside cooperation, mistrust has also surfaced. Hate speech on social media, anti-India campaigns in Bangladesh, and controversies surrounding visa policies have added new dimensions to the relationship. In this context, it is essential to assess the ties not through emotion, but through the lens of realism and mutual interest.
First, the foundation of Bangladesh–India relations is historical. India’s role in Bangladesh’s Liberation War in 1971 laid the moral groundwork for bilateral ties. Since then, progress has been made in areas such as the implementation of the land boundary agreement, exchange of enclaves, maritime boundary settlement, and cooperation in electricity and energy. India is one of Bangladesh’s largest trading partners, while Bangladesh serves as a vital bridge to India’s northeastern states. Road, rail, river, and power connectivity underscore a reality of interdependence that cannot be ignored.
However, alongside positive developments, some persistent grievances remain. The long-pending Teesta water-sharing agreement, allegations of border killings, and trade imbalances have fueled resentment within Bangladesh. Political or ideological groups often capitalise on this discontent to launch anti-India campaigns. On social media, misinformation, half-truths, and rumors are spread to inflame public opinion. At times, the ‘India card’ is used in domestic political rivalries – some are labeled as pro-India, while others project anti-India sentiment as a symbol of nationalism. On the other hand, in India too, a sense of suspicion or one-sided narratives about Bangladesh has developed particularly around issues such as illegal migration, border security, and religious minorities. Certain political statements and media portrayals in India depict Bangladesh as a security risk, widening the distance between the peoples of the two countries. As a result, hate speech and hostile propaganda on both sides unnecessarily strain the relationship.
The issue of hate speech is especially concerning. Provocative statements spread rapidly on platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, X (formerly Twitter), and online media. Historical incidents or isolated recent events are often presented in ways that cast the overall relationship in a negative light. Algorithm-driven platforms tend to amplify sensational content, overshadowing moderate voices. A segment of the younger generation in both countries becomes confused and influenced by this information warfare.
Visa policy is also an important indicator of bilateral ties. For years, India has provided relatively accessible visas for Bangladeshi citizens seeking medical treatment, education, and tourism. However, amid security concerns or diplomatic tensions, complaints arise about stricter visa processes. Visa restrictions can create public frustration, extending diplomatic tensions into the public sphere. Similarly, Bangladesh may recalibrate its visa policies based on security and diplomatic considerations. Thus, visa policy is not merely an administrative matter; it also carries political messaging.
The question is: what should be done in this complex situation?
First, regular, transparent, and result-oriented dialogue at the state level is essential. Visible progress on issues such as water-sharing, border management, and trade balance can strengthen public trust. Second, responsible political language is necessary in both countries. Portraying a neighbour as a ‘threat’ or ‘enemy’ for domestic political gain ultimately harms both sides. Third, the role of media and civil society is crucial – fact-checking, countering rumours, and promoting positive narratives about shared culture and history are imperative. Fourth, visa policies should be humane and transparent so that ordinary people do not become victims of diplomatic tensions.
The reality of Bangladesh–India relations is that neither country can ignore the other. Geography has made them neighbours; economic and security interests have made them partners. Therefore, moving beyond emotional propaganda, hate speech, and political slogans, the time calls for a pragmatic relationship grounded in mutual respect. Criticism and differences will remain, but they should be expressed in a fact-based, restrained, and diplomatically appropriate manner. Ultimately, it is stability – not hostility – that ensures the welfare of the peoples of both nations.
Digital communication is increasingly becoming a vital tool in strengthening Bangladesh–India relations. Beyond state diplomacy, people-to-people connectivity is now largely dependent on online platforms. Through Facebook, YouTube, X, Instagram, and podcasts, citizens of both countries can directly exchange views, share cultural experiences, and participate in joint initiatives. This reduces mutual ignorance, strengthens human connections, and keeps channels of dialogue open at the societal level even when tensions exist at the state level.
Digital platforms also provide opportunities to highlight shared history and culture. Online content on the Liberation War, the Language Movement, the works of Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam, films, music, and culinary traditions can bring younger generations of the two countries closer. Virtual seminars, webinars, academic collaborations, and online networking among startup communities can further energise economic and intellectual ties.
At the governmental level, digital diplomacy has become increasingly important. Embassy social media pages, online visa services, fact-based briefings, and prompt responses can help counter misinformation. During times of crisis, the rapid dissemination of accurate information can reduce misunderstandings and tensions. However, digital communication can foster division as easily as it can build bridges if used irresponsibly. Therefore, ensuring fact-checking, enhancing media literacy, and promoting responsible online behaviour are essential. Positive and evidence-based digital engagement can strengthen the foundation of mutual trust and cooperation between the two countries.
The greatest expectation from Bangladesh’s new government is the establishment of an inclusive, accountable, and democratic governance system. Rising above political divisions to foster a spirit of national unity is now imperative. Ensuring good governance, taking visible action against corruption, safeguarding judicial independence, and maintaining administrative transparency will help rebuild public trust. At the same time, urgent and effective measures are needed to control inflation, generate employment, and restore economic stability.
In the international arena, a balanced and pragmatic foreign policy is also expected from the new government. Strengthening relations with neighbouring countries based on mutual respect and shared interests, safeguarding remittance flows, expanding trade, and attracting foreign investment require active diplomatic engagement. At the same time, ensuring freedom of expression, human rights, and the rule of law will help build a positive state image and enhance the government’s credibility both domestically and globally.
The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author
The writer is an Associate Professor, Communication and Journalism, University of Chittagong
